Kelly Bello-Novo1, Iván Vázquez-Pateiro1, José Manuel Mirás-Avalos2, Elena Falqué 1*
1 Depto. Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Ciencias, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain
2 Unidad de Suelos y Riegos (Asociada a EEAD-CSIC), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
E-mail contact: efalque[@]uvigo.es
Aromatic composition contributes mainly to the quality aroma of white wine. A natural and gradual evolution of the aroma in the bottle occurs over storage with a very low oxygen content. During storage, volatile compounds change as a result of the occurrence of numerous reactions. These chemical and physical processes are influenced by the type and quality of the closures, storage conditions (temperature, light exposure or relative humidity), packaging, etc. [1].
Traditional winemaking mostly uses cork closure, but new natural or synthetic closures have been reported as solution to eliminate some disadvantages of natural corks and can be suppose an alternative stoppers for the wine industry [2]. Several studies have evaluated the impact of different closures on the aroma of some white wine varieties, such as Chardonnay [3], Semillon [4], Sauvignon blanc [5], Verdejo [6], etc. This study aimed to show that the evolution of wine aroma attributes of two white varieties stopped with different closures after two years of bottle storage.
Unwooded Godello and Torrontés wines from 2013 vintage were sourced from the same winery. In 2014-may, industrial wines were fractioned in 750 mL transparent glass bottles and closed with three different closures: Natural cork, micro-agglomerated cork and synthetic stopper. Bottled wines were stored in darkness at low temperature (10-15 °C) during 2 years. Sampling was performed at 12, 18, 24 and 30 months after vintage.
Wine samples were extracted, in triplicate, with dichloromethane and the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate prior to analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) or coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [7]. Compounds identification was based on the comparison with authentic reference standards. Fifteen days after chemical analysis, wines were evaluated by sensory descriptive analysis with 7-10 trained judges. Sensory odorant attributes (floral, fruity, grass, spicy, woody, sulfurous, and caramel) were punctuated on an 0-10 scale. Mouthfeel sensations and odorant descriptors were also evaluated globally, as well the global punctuation for the wine overall quality.
Wines from the two varieties showed different aromatic profiles, but their evolution during bottle-storage were similar. As expected, the chemical evolution was characterised by decreases of the acetates and ethyl esters contents, and increases of other volatile compounds such as diethyl succinate or volatile phenols [7]. Changes in sensory evaluation were also took place, altering the sensory profile of both wines, changing from fruity and floral notes (higher in November-2015, third sampling) to toasty and spicy nuances. The preference of type of closure was different according to the storage-time. For this reason, the choice of closure type is crucial to preserve the wine aroma quality and to predict their shelf life.
[1] Venturi, F.; Sanmartin, C.; Taglieri, I.; Xiaoguo, Y.; Andrich, G.; Zinnai, A. (2016). The influence of packaging on the sensorial evolution of white wine as a function of the operating conditions adopted during storage. Agrochim., 60 (2), 150-160.
[2] Silva, M.A.; Julien, M.; Jourdes, M.; Teissedre, P.L. (2011). Impact of closures on white post-bottling development: a review. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 233, 905-914.
[3] Liu, N.; Song, Y.-Y.; Dang, G.-F.; Ye, D.-Q.; Gong, X.; Liu, Y.-L. (2015). Effect of wine closures on the aroma properties of Chardonnay wines after four years of storage. S. Afr. J. Enol. Vitic., 36 (3), 296-303.
[4] Gooden, P.; Francis, L.; Field, J.; Gishen, M.; Coulter, A.; Valente, P.; Hoj, P.; Robinson, E. (2001). Wine bottle closures: physical characteristics and effect on composition and sensory properties of a Semillon wine 1. Performance up to 20 months post-bottling. Austr. J. Grape Wine Res., 7, 64-105.
[5] Lopes, P.; Silva, M.A.; Pons, A.; Tominaga, T.; Lavigne, V.; Saucier, C.; Darriet, P.; Teissedre, P.L.; Dubourdieu, D. (2009). Impact of oxygen dissolved at bottling and transmitted through closures on the composition and sensory properties of a Sauvignon Blanc wine during bottle storage. J. Agric. Food Chem., 57, 10261-10270.
[6] Díaz-Maroto, M.C.; López Viñas, M.; Marchante, L.; Alañón, M.E.; Díaz-Maroto, I.J.; Pérez-Coello, M.S. (2021). Evaluation of the storage conditions and type of cork stopper on the quality of bottled white wines. Molecules, 26 (1), 232.
[7] Vázquez-Pateiro, I; Arias-González, U.; Mirás-Avalos, J.M.; Falqué, E. (2020). Evolution of the aroma of Treixadura wines during bottle aging. Foods, 9 (10), 1419.
The seasonal character of harvests limits winemaking considerably, especially oenological..
